Tuesday, May 17, 2016

CCNA(2nd class)

OSI Model

è It is the model defined by ISO.
è Main idea is to avoid proprietary system.
è Provides framework for creating and implementing network devices standards, etc.
è It is the conceptual blueprint of how communication should take place.
è It is the structured approach for troubleshooting network problems.
è Model itself is divided into 7 layers:

Application
è Provides user interface
     Presentation
è Presents data
è Handles processing such as encryption
       Session
è Keeps different applications` data separate
Transport
è Provides reliable or unreliable delivery
è Performs error correction before retransmit
Network
è Provides logical addressing which routers use for path determination
Data Link
è Combines packets into bytes and bytes into frames
è Provides access to media using MAC address
è Performs error detection not correction
        Physical
è Moves bits between devices
è Specific voltage, wire speed and pin out of cables.

è Application layer, Presentation layer and Session layer is called upper layers
è Other remaining layers are called lower layers.

1.       Physical Layer
è It defines media properties, physical data rates, etc.

2.       Data Link layer
è It defines format for transmission.
è Example: Ethernet, PPP(Point to Point Protocol), frame relay, etc.
è Physical addressing is done in this layer. (MAC address)
è MAC address is a 48- bit addressing scheme.
                24 bits + 24 bits
The first 24 bits is called OUI(Organization Unique Identifier)

3.       Network layer
è It provides connectivity, path selection.
è Routing function and logical addressing (IPv4, IPv6) is done.
è Router is a layer 3 device.

4.       Transport layer
è Responsible for end to end communication and reliability.
è TCP and UDP works here.
è Breaks data into segments.
è TCP: Connection oriented
è UDP: Best effort delivery, real time communication

5.       Session layer
è Keeps session separate or manage session between end hosts.

6.       Presentation layer
è Responsible for data formatting and presenting data in correct format.
è Example: JPEG, Gif, etc.

7.       Application layer
è Ends user interacts here.
è Protocols working at this layer are HTTP, HTTPs, Telnet, SMTP, POP3, SNMP, FTP, TFTP, etc.


è In transport layer,
Transport header (TH)is added to the data coming from session layer. This is called segment.
TH includes source port and destination port.
è In Network layer,
Network header is added to the segment coming from transport layer. This is called Packet.
Network header includes source IP and destination IP.

è In Data link layer,
Source of MAC and destination MAC is added to the output of the network layer. This is called frame.

PDU(Protocol Data Unit) includes segment, packet and frame.

Encapsulation is the process of wrapping data with header.

Port number
è It ranges from 0 to 65535
è 0 to 1023 are well known ports.
è 1024 to 49151 are registered port.
è 49152 to 65535 are dynamic port(random port).

The differences between TCP and UDP are shown below:
TCP
UDP
è Sequenced
è Unsequenced
è Connection- oriented
è Connectionless
è Acknowledgement
è No acknowledgement
è Reliable
è Unreliable


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